The Evolution of Surfboard Design

In the late 19th century, surfers used boards made out of planks cut from Willi Willi, Ula, Koa and redwood trees, all native to the Pacific islands. The main problem with using these types woods for surfing is that they aren't particularly waterproof, especially redwood, which was the most commonly used material for surfboards in the early 20th century. The longer a surfer spent out in the water, the heavier and more difficult it became to control the board.

Surfboard designers eventually figured out that more aerodynamic surfing came with a board that was hollow, light and water-repellent. In 1926, surfer and board maker Tom Blake changed things when he fashioned a hollow surfboard. It was cut from redwood, but he drilled hundreds of holes into it, and encased the core piece of wood with thin layers of wood on the top and bottom. It was 15 feet (4.6 meters) long and weighed 100 pounds (45.4 kilograms), but the design made it much faster than traditional surfboards. Blake's board became the first mass-produced surfboard in 1930. He also installed the first rudders, or "fixed fins," on surfboards in 1935. Similar to the rudders on a boat, the component stabilized the board's position in the water.

Blake's hole-filled redwood quickly would become obsolete, however. By 1932, redwood was out, and South American balsa wood was in. It was a breakthrough for fast, lightweight boards, since a balsa board weighed around 35 pounds (15.9 kilograms), or a little heavier if it was made of a balsa/redwood composite. These boards were then coated with layers of resin and fiberglass to make them waterproof.

Up next: the golden age of surfing in both popular culture and surfboard design.

Developments in industrial and manufacturing technology made during World War II extended to the surfboard world in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The most lasting and important development in surfboard design occurred in the late 1950s with the phasing out of wood in favor of fiberglass and polyurethane foam. Board maker Pete Peterson made the first fiberglass board in 1946, built around a redwood stringer (a center board), then covered and sealed with fiberglass tape. California builder Bob Simmons came up with the "sandwich" surfboard a few years later: The board had a foam core, which was then encased in plywood, along with balsa wood outer rails and a coating of fiberglass for waterproofing. The selling point of foam is that it's incredibly lightweight, making boards easier to control (although foam boards at the time were so light they weren't terribly buoyant). Foam is also much easier to shape and cut than wood, allowing for quick mass production.

The increased availability of surfboards in the 1950s fueled the explosion of "surf culture" in the 1960s, allowing the sport to spread worldwide, in part thanks to "surf bands" like the Beach Boys and Jan and Dean, as well as movies like "The Endless Summer." And as hardwoods were gradually replaced by synthetic materials, one more holdover would go by the end of the '60s -- board length. Superlight, 10.5-feet (3.2-meter) long boards were tough to maneuver over waves, and by 1969 builders like George Greenough and Pete Brewer helped spur the dominance of 6-foot (1.8-meter) shortboards, or "pocket rockers." Longboards allow surfers to ride waves vertically; shortboards allow for that, too, but they can also carve turns, giving a surfer more freedom for stunts and personal style.

Synthetic materials were also more flexible than wood, and so the new pintail fin could be put to use -- it added stability in a wave pocket, which the shortboard couldn't offer without the pintail.

The modern surfboard had arrived. But it wasn't done evolving.

The big developments of the 1950s and 1960s -- flexible fins, lightweight foam and fiberglass building materials, zippy shortboards -- remained the standard for surfboards. But they also served as a template from which surfers and builders could tweak and improve the sport's technology.

It's a fairly recent change in terms of the long history of the surfboard, but the early '70s saw one of the simplest innovations: the leg rope. Surfer Jack O'Neill and his sons fashioned the first ones between 1971 and 1973 out of pliable, flexible surgical tubing. One end attached securely to the board's tail with an embedded plug, and the other hung as an anklet on the surfer's leg. The point was that whenever a surfer wiped out, he didn't have to chase down his board underwater or wait for it to wash ashore before getting back up and trying again.

Another major development made in the '70s is the tri-fin, a variation on the underside surfboard rudder. These are attachable, stick-on plastic fins that could be mounted in any formation on the outside of the permanent, factory-installed fin. The extra weight adds stability to the rear, enabling more control.

Changes to surfboards in the '80s were more about individual change and experimentation on the board's different elements and parts, not so much a redesign of the board or the introduction of new elements. Australian surfer Simon Anderson solidified the permanent three-fin surfboard, an outgrowth of the interchangeable tri-fin system, in 1981. Called a "thruster" board, it provides excellent stability in the pocket and remains a standard.

What's a surfboard from recent years look like? Read on.

The major development in surfboards over the last 20 years has been the many different kinds of surfboards available, each suited to different tastes or wave-tackling abilities, the result of tinkering with heavily entrenched surfboard designs.

Developments have focused around the rail curve and what can be done with the board's underside. Different rail curves are available for different surfing abilities. A straight-cut rail allows for a faster turn; a softer, curved rail slows down turns and is better for beginners. As for the underside, shapes are cut to redirect water flow. A double-concave bottom surfboard shifts water through two small depressions, allowing for a smooth ride and easy control. A V-bottom offers a V-shape in the middle of the board, which helps mount vertical waves.

Designers now offer up several overall styles of surfboards, including the fish board (for short, flat waves), the Mini Malibu (long and wide, the modern incarnation of the longboard) and the longboard gun, which combines the lightness of a shortboard with the length of a longboard, allowing the surfer to tackle big waves, especially during tow-in surfing. Prior to the development of the longboard gun, surfers wanting to access waves higher than 25 feet (7.6 meters) had to be towed out because they couldn't paddle fast enough to reach them in time. Modern gun boards give the length necessary for stability along with the speed to reach those waves.

Manufacturing is more streamlined and precise, more so in recent years because of board-designing software. The CAD/CAM program from D.A.T. hit the market in 1994 and has been updated many times since. It can be linked to automated machinery, fully automating the process of building a surfboard out of synthetic materials to exact specifications -- a long way from the heavy redwood logs of the 19th century.